围术期非心脏手术呼吸心搏骤停相关麻醉因素回顾性分析

目的回顾性分析聊城市人民医院近7年来,围术期24 h内发生心搏骤停患者的医学资料,为预防这一严重不良事件提供有益信息。方法通过我院手术麻醉电子系统,调阅不良事件上报系统,选取2013-07/2020-12期间在我院手术室接受非心脏手术围术期发生心搏骤停患者的医疗记录进行分析、归纳总结。结果共116152名患者接受非心脏手术麻醉,围术期发生心搏骤停33例(2.8/10000),21例复苏失败,死亡率1.8/10000。麻醉完全相关2例,麻醉部分相关12例,麻醉相关心搏骤停发生率1.2/10000。与麻醉不相关心搏骤停患者基本资料比较,差异无统计学意义。结论围术期心搏骤停原因复杂多样,失血性休克以及感染性休克,是围术期心搏骤停最常见的原因,麻醉医生应熟知各种不同类型心搏骤停病理生理机制,以便实施快速有效的抢救措施。     

Self-care Experiences of Adolescents with Spinal Muscular Atrophy

PurposeWe examined the self-care experiences of adolescents with spinal muscle atrophy (SMA) and their perceptions of the interactions between their body and the environment.MethodsWe interviewed ten adolescents with SMA aged 13–18 years regarding personal care practices. Purposive sampling was conducted in two medical centers in northern Taiwan. Data were analyzed using the Giorgi analysis method.ResultsFour constitutions were identified: (1) limited space for independent development, (2) multiple reconstructions of self-image to improve physical ability, (3) self-care of disease, and (4) developing activity styles to accommodate social culture.ConclusionThe self-care lived experiences of patients reflect dynamic changes in the body and environment. Self-existence was exhibited by adjustment, practice, and creativity of physical activity to integrate into society. Nursing staff should understand the self-care experiences and needs of adolescents with SMA to develop a database of self-care skills. This study recommended that nursing staff improve their ability to guide patients in taking care of themselves by developing body awareness self-care courses and individual care plans in response to various stages of disability to help patients delay deterioration, realize their physical potential, and promote independence and social development.     

A modality-specific somatosensory evoked potential test protocol for clinical evaluation: A feasibility study

ObjectiveWe aimed to establish an objective neurophysiological test protocol that can be used to assess the somatosensory nervous system.MethodsIn order to assess most fiber subtypes of the somatosensory nervous system, repetitive stimuli of seven different modalities (touch, vibration, pinprick, cold, contact heat, laser, and warmth) were synchronized with the electroencephalogram (EEG) and applied on the cheek and dorsum of the hand and dorsum of the foot in 21 healthy subjects and three polyneuropathy (PNP) patients. Latencies and amplitudes of the modalities were assessed and compared. Patients received quantitative sensory testing (QST) as reference.ResultsWe found reproducible evoked potentials recordings for touch, vibration, pinprick, contact-heat, and laser stimuli. The recording of warm-evoked potentials was challenging in young healthy subjects and not applicable in patients. Latencies were shortest within Aβ-fiber-mediated signals and longest within C-fibers. The test protocol detected function loss within the Aβ-fiber and Aδ-fiber-range in PNP patients. This function loss corresponded with QST findings.ConclusionIn this pilot study, we developed a neurophysiological test protocol that can specifically assess most of the somatosensory modalities. Despite technical challenges, initial patient data appear promising regarding a possible future clinical application.SignificanceEstablished and custom-made stimulators were combined to assess different fiber subtypes of the somatosensory nervous system using modality-specific evoked potentials.     

Severe lumbar spinal stenosis combined with Guillain-Barré syndrome: A case report

BACKGROUNDGuillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare disorder that typically presents with ascending weakness, pain, paraesthesias, and numbness, which mimic the findings in lumbar spinal stenosis. Here, we report a case of severe lumbar spinal stenosis combined with GBS.CASE SUMMARYA 70-year-old man with a history of lumbar spinal stenosis presented to our emergency department with severe lower back pain and lower extremity numbness. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis of severe lumbar spinal stenosis. However, his symptoms did not improve postoperatively and he developed dysphagia and upper extremity numbness. An electromyogram was performed. Based on his symptoms, physical examination, and electromyogram, he was diagnosed with GBS. After 5 d of intravenous immunoglobulin (0.4 g/kg/d for 5 d) therapy, he gained 4/5 of strength in his upper and lower extremities and denied paraesthesias. He had regained 5/5 of strength in his extremities when he was discharged and had no symptoms during follow-up.CONCLUSIONGBS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spinal disorder, even though magnetic resonance imaging shows severe lumbar spinal stenosis. This case highlights the importance of a careful diagnosis when a patient has a history of a disease and comes to the hospital with the same or similar symptoms.     

Altered supraspinal motor networks in survivors of poliomyelitis: A cortico-muscular coherence study

ObjectivePoliomyelitis results in changes to the anterior horn cell. The full extent of cortical network changes in the motor physiology of polio survivors has not been established. Our aim was to investigate how focal degeneration of the lower motor neurons (LMN) in infancy/childhood affects motor network connectivity in adult survivors of polio.MethodsSurface electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) were recorded during an isometric pincer grip task in 25 patients and 11 healthy controls. Spectral signal analysis of cortico-muscular (EEG-EMG) coherence (CMC) was used to identify the cortical regions that are functionally synchronous and connected to the periphery during the pincer grip task.ResultsA pattern of CMC was noted in polio survivors that was not present in healthy individuals. Significant CMC in low gamma frequency bands (30–47 Hz) was observed in frontal and parietal regions.ConclusionThese findings imply a differential engagement of cortical networks in polio survivors that extends beyond the motor cortex and suggest a disease-related functional reorganisation of the cortical motor network.SignificanceThis research has implications for other similar LMN conditions, including spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). CMC has potential in future clinical trials as a biomarker of altered function in motor networks in post-polio syndrome, SMA, and other related conditions.     

Características clínicas y pronóstico de la lesión medular traumática en pacientes mayores de 75 años

ObjectiveTo analyze the incidence and characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in geriatric population of Galicia (Spain), hospital management and functional prognosis.MethodsComparative retrospective study. Patients admitted with acute traumatic SCI during the time period between January 2010 and December 2016 were included. Two groups established: The elderly over and under 75 years of age, with the latter acting as a control group.ResultsThree hundred seventy-nine patients were studied (27.2% ≥75 years). The main etiology in the >75 years group were falls: 80.6%. There were 65.7% who presented incomplete spinal cord injuries with mean motor index (MI) of 44.9/100. Upon discharge, 90.8% were dependent. Hospital mortality was 34.9%. Those >75 years suffered from more cervical injuries (74.8 vs. 51.2%; p<0.001), longer delay in diagnosis (31.1 vs. 9.2%; p<0.001) and higher hospital mortality (34.9 vs. 3.2%; p<0.001). Fewer surgical interventions were performed, with a longer delay. Percentages for admission into ICU, mechanical ventilation and performing a tracheostomy proved to be similar. There were no significant differences found in the evolution according to the ASIA scale or the MI.Conclusions1) The frequency of traumatic SCI in the elderly in Galicia is high; 2) Neurological evolution is similar to younger patients but the level of dependence is higher; 3) The level of care provided is similar in both groups, except for the surgical indication, and 4) Hospital mortality is high.     

New advances in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis genetics: Towards gene therapy opportunities for familial and young cases

Due to novel gene therapy opportunities, genetic screening is no longer restricted to familial cases of ALS (FALS) cases but also aplies to the sporadic populations (SALS). Screening of four main genes (C9orf72, SOD1, TARDBP and FUS) identified the causes in 15% of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients (two third of the familial cases and 8% of the sporadic ones) but their respective contribution to ALS phenotype varies according the age of disease onset. The genetic overlap between ALS and other diseases is expanding and includes frontotemporal dementia, Paget's Disease of Bone, myopathy for adult cases, HSP and CMT for young cases highlighing the importance of retrieving the exhaustive familial history for each indivdual with ALS. Incomplete disease penetrance, diversity of the possible phenotypes, as well as the lack of confidence concerning the pathogenicity of most identified variants and/or possible oligogenic inheritance are burdens of ALS genetic counseling to be delivered to patients and at risk individuals. The multitude of rare ALS genetic causes identifed seems to converge to similar cellular pathways leading to inapropriate response to stress emphacising new potential therapeutic options for the disease.     

Spinal surgical training in the UK: past,present and future perspectives

Spinal surgery is an interface subspeciality that has developed from two independent specialities: orthopaedics and neurosurgery. As the subspeciality has developed, so has the need for dedicated post-certification training. In this review we discuss the history of UK training, explain the current routes to become a spinal surgeon, including fellowships and the qualifications required for a consultant spine surgeon post. We also discuss how we expect fellowships to change and become accredited, as spinal training evolves and continues to employ contemporary educational evidence.     

补阳还五汤联合骨髓间充质干细胞移植 对脊髓损伤气虚血瘀证的疗效

目的：探讨补阳还五汤（BYHWD）联合骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）移植对脊髓损伤（SCI）气虚血瘀 证的疗效，并探讨其分子机制。方法：将120只雄性SD大鼠随机分为5组：对照组、气虚血瘀组、BYHWD 组、BMSCs组、BYHWD+BMSCs组，每组24只。制作SCI气虚血瘀证复合动物模型，并分别予以BYHWD、 BMSCs或BYHWD+BMSCs治疗28 d。治疗前、治疗后1 d、14 d、28 d通过自发性直立探究行为观察前肢运 动功能恢复情况；治疗后28 d，ELISA法检测脊髓损伤局部cAMP浓度，HE染色观察损伤局部轴突形态，免 疫组织化学法检测脊髓损伤局部RhoA、神经生长因子（NGF）、脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）的表达。结 果：治疗后，BYHWD 组、BMSCs 组和 BYHWD+BMSCs 组大鼠的前肢使用率均高于气虚血瘀组，脊髓 cAMP 含量均高于气虚血瘀组（均 P＜0.01），且 BYHWD+BMSCs 组高于 BYHWD 组和 BMSCs 组（均 P＜ 0.05 或 P＜0.01）。HE 染色显示气虚血瘀组、BMSCs 组脊髓右后外侧索轴突水肿或缺失，髓鞘排列散乱； BYHWD组、BYHWD+BMSCs组脊髓损伤程度减轻。与气虚血瘀组相比，BYHWD组、BYHWD+BMSCs组 NGF、BDNF阳性表达升高，BMSCs组BDNF阳性表达升高，RhoA表达下降（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）；且BYHWD+BMSCs组BDNF表达水平高于BYHWD组和BMSCs组（P＜0.05），RhoA表达水平低于BYHWD组和 BMSCs组（P＜0.05）。结论：BYHWD联合BMSCs移植对保护SCI气虚血瘀证脊髓局部轴突、改善前肢运 动功能可产生协同增效作用，其作用机制可能与上调脊髓局部微环境cAMP浓度，抑制RhoA表达，上调 NGF、BDNF有关。     

不同类型胎盘植入对剖宫产患者麻醉方式选择的影响

目的探讨不同类型胎盘植入对剖宫产患者麻醉方式选择及手术效果的影响。方法回顾性分析于我院行剖宫产手术的胎盘植入产妇300例,根据胎盘植入严重程度将其分为粘连组(181例)、植入组(73例)及穿透组(46例),分析3组的麻醉方式实施率、术中及术后凝血功能指标、并发症情况。结果粘连组椎管内麻醉实施率明显高于植入组和穿透组,全身麻醉和复合麻醉实施率明显低于植入组和穿透组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);植入组和穿透组全身麻醉实施率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),植入组椎管内麻醉实施率高于穿透组,复合麻醉实施率低于穿透组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组产妇术中PLT、APTT、Fib及术后APTT、Fib、PT比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);植入组和穿透组术中PT比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但均低于粘连组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);粘连组术后PLT明显低于植入组和穿透组,且植入组术后PLT明显低于穿透组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。粘连组胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息发生率低于植入组和穿透组,植入组上述并发症发生率均低于穿透组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);粘连组产妇弥散性血管内凝血、产后出血、产褥感染发生率低于植入组和穿透组,植入组上述并发症发生率均低于穿透组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。粘连组新生儿NICU入住率、围生期死亡率均低于植入组及穿透组,植入组以上指标均低于穿透组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);粘连组新生儿Apgar评分高于植入组及穿透组,植入组新生儿Apgar评分高于穿透组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。粘连组产妇出血量低于植入组和穿透组,植入组产妇出血量低于穿透组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于胎盘植入的产妇应预先了解其严重程度,从而选择适宜的麻醉方式,在无禁忌证的前提下,应以椎管内麻醉为主,并在围生期给与相应的处理措施。